Show pagesourceOld revisionsBacklinksBack to top × Table of Contents User guide Installation Basic configuration LuCI web interface Network configuration Firewall configuration Advanced configuration Installing additional software Hardware-specific configuration Storage devices Additional services Troubleshooting and maintenance Running OpenWrt in a virtual machine or container Security Work-in-progress documentation pages User guide Installation Documentation User guide Installation Back to original firmware Devices with OpenWrt as a stock firmware FAQ after Installation of OpenWrt FAQ before installing OpenWrt Filesystem snapshot feature: /sbin/snapshot Flashing OpenWrt with Wi-Fi enabled on first boot Generic flashing over the Serial port Generic NOR backup How to restore ART partition Installing OpenWrt Installing OpenWrt over FTP (generic) Installing OpenWrt over XMODEM Installing OpenWrt via TFTP Installing OpenWrt with TFTP from a Linux computer OpenWrt on x86 hardware (PC / VM / server) Preserving OpenWrt packages Upgrade from (old) ar71xx to ath79 Upgrade using Attended Sysupgrade Upgrading OpenWrt firmware using CLI Upgrading OpenWrt firmware using LuCI and CLI Installation methods ADAM2 FTP ap51-flash Asus Firmware Restoration Tool brnboot web recovery CF card CFE TFTP + serial recovery CFE TFTP recovery CFE web recovery CLI generic D-Link Recovery GUI dataclouds EVA FTP fritzflash GUI generic GUI OEM JBoot web recovery JTAG Linksys TFTP Mikrotik TFTP Netboot nmrpflash RedBoot TFTP + serial recovery RedBoot TFTP recovery SD card see devicepage see forum see git-commit Serial Sunxi installation Sysupgrade Telnet TFTP generic TP-Link TFTP U-Boot TFTP + serial recovery U-Boot TFTP recovery U-Boot USB recovery U-Boot web recovery Ubiquiti 2WA Ubiquiti WA Ubiquiti XC Ubiquiti XM Ubiquiti XW unknown x86 installation Recovery methods ADAM2 FTP Asus Firmware Restoration Tool AVM recovery tool Breed web recovery brnboot web recovery CF card CFE TFTP + serial recovery CFE TFTP recovery CFE web recovery D-Link Recovery GUI EVA FTP GUI generic JBoot web recovery JTAG Linksys TFTP Mikrotik TFTP nmrpflash RedBoot TFTP + serial recovery RedBoot TFTP recovery SD card see devicepage see forum see git-commit TFTP generic TP-Link TFTP U-Boot TFTP + serial recovery U-Boot TFTP recovery U-Boot USB recovery U-Boot web recovery ubiquiti_tftp unknown Basic configuration Documentation User guide Base system Basic configuration Clarifying the term "Interface" Command-line interpreter DDNS client configuration DNS and DHCP configuration /etc/config/dhcp DNS and DHCP examples DNS configuration Dnsmasq DHCP server Dropbear configuration Hotplug LED Configuration Logging messages Managing services Network basics /etc/config/network Scheduling tasks with cron System configuration /etc/config/system System configuration not handled by UCI The UCI system User Configuration Web Server Configuration LuCI web interface Documentation User guide LuCI web interface Accessing LuCI web interface securely Dashboard How to get rid of LuCI HTTPS certificate warnings LuCI essentials LuCI on lighttpd LuCI themes luci-app-statistics Make luci-app-statistics graphs public Static IP Web interface overview Network configuration Documentation User guide Network Aliases DHCP configuration High availability Integrating an OpenWrt network device in your network IPv4/IPv6 transition technologies MAP IPv4-over-IPv6 encapsulation MultipathTCP and OpenWrt OpenWrt as client device OpenWrt as router device Particularities of Single-Port Devices Routed Client Router vs switch vs gateway and NAT Static configuration Tunneling interface protocols UCI networking options cheatsheet DSA Networking Converting to DSA DSA Mini-Tutorial Upgrading to OpenWrt 21.02.0 IPv4 IPv4 configuration IPv6 How to use OpenWrt behind a Freebox Crystal with IPv6 bridge How to use OpenWrt behind a Freebox with IPv6 delegation IPv6 configuration IPv6 extras IPv6 multicast IPv6 on L2TP softwire IPv6 with Hurricane Electric IPv6 with Hurricane Electric using LuCI NAT64 for a IPv6-only network (Jool) NAT66 and IPv6 masquerading WIDE-DHCPv6 client configuration Routing PBR (Policy-Based Routing) PBR app PBR with netifd Routing basics Routing rules Static routes Routing examples Routing example: Bridged DMZ Routing example: GRE Routing example: IPv4 Routing example: IPv6 Routing example: OpenVPN Routing example: PBR with iproute2 Traffic shaping Brain Fuck Scheduler CHOKe Class Based Queueing CoDel Deficit Round Robin Example1: Traffic Prioritizing with PRIO Example2: plain simple bandwidth/traffic sharing with HTB Example3: traffic shaping and prioriziting for multiple users with HFSC Example4: HFSC + FQ_CODEL + FLOW classifier Example5: Traffic Prioritizing with HTB and MAC filtering Fair Queue CoDel Hierarchical Fair Service Curve (HFSC) Hierarchy Token Bucket Linux Packet Scheduling Netem (Network Emulator) QoS (Network Traffic Control) QoS configuration /etc/config/qos Random Early Detection SQM (Smart Queue Management) SQM configuration /etc/config/sqm SQM Details Stochastic Fairness Queueing Token Bucket Filter VLAN (Virtual LAN) Extending the router ports with a managed switch with VLANs Splitting VLANs Switch documentation VLAN WAN (Internet access) Accessing the modem through the router Bridge mode Connect to ISP using L2TP with dual access EasyCwmp (CPE WAN Management Protocol daemon) How to configure Motorola cable modems (DOCSIS) Internet Connection IPTV / UDP multicast ISP Configurations Poor Man's Bridge Mode Scripts to get information from modems Simple WAN Failover with 3G/LTE WWAN - Using a second router in the same LAN Smartphone USB reverse tethering with OpenWrt Smartphone USB tethering TR-069 / CWMP Using multiple WAN IPs Using multiple wan with multiple routers WAN interface protocols X Play Multi-WAN (Internet access through more than one modem/device) Multiwan multiwan: Connection to spare internet provider MWAN with netifd mwan3 (Multi WAN load balancing/failover) mwan3 install using filesystem (not luci) WWAN (3G/4G/LTE and similar) Dealing with monthly GB quotas How to send AT commands to device How to use LTE modem in QMI mode for WAN connection ModemManager USB mode switch Use 3g/UMTS USB Dongle for WAN connection Use cdc_ether driver based dongles for WAN connection Use NCM USB Dongle for WAN connection Use RNDIS USB Dongle for WAN connection Wi-Fi configuration Bridged AP Configure A(ccess) P(oint or 'hotspot') + STA(tion or 'client') Configure Wi-Fi encryption Connect to client Wi-Fi network Country code for Wi-Fi operation Exceeding transmit power limits FreeRADIUS Identify Wi-Fi connection as metered on Linux automatically Identify Wi-Fi connection as metered on Windows automatically Introduction to 802.1X Routed AP RSN preauthentication Setting up DAWN and band-steering in OpenWrt Setting up usteer and band-steering in OpenWrt Setting up Wi-Fi repeaters with multiple SSIDs with separated private, tor and guest network Table of capabilities for wireless chipsets USB 3.0 and Wi-Fi problems Wi-Fi /etc/config/wireless Wi-Fi extender / repeater / bridge configuration Wi-Fi on/off buttons Wi-Fi toggle Wide area Wi-Fi coverage Wireless Access Point (aka "Dumb" Access Point) Wireless network bridge (wireless repeater) Wireless overview wpa_supplicant Guest Wi-Fi Guest Wi-Fi basics Guest Wi-Fi extras Guest Wi-Fi on a dumb wireless AP using LuCI Guest Wi-Fi using CLI Guest Wi-Fi using LuCI Mesh Wi-Fi 802.11s Based Wireless Mesh Networking B.A.T.M.A.N. / batman-adv OLSR Mesh The Mesh11sd Project Wi-Fi network tools Aircrack Horst Kismet Wireless Utilities Zero configuration network setup The Homenet Control Protocol (HNCP) Zero configuration networking in OpenWrt Firewall configuration Documentation User guide Firewall documentation Firewall and network interfaces Firewall components Firewall configuration /etc/config/firewall Firewall overview fw4 Filtering traffic with IP sets by DNS Firewall examples Bridge firewall DMZ configuration using VLANs DNS hijacking Filtering traffic with IP sets by DNS Firewall usage guide IP set examples IPv4 firewall examples IPv6 firewall examples Logging rejected packets NAT examples Parental controls Port forwarding Reference network topology Firewall miscellaneous pages How to capture, filter and inspect packets using tcpdump or wireshark tools nftables netfilter and iptables Logging Forwarded Packets in OpenWrt netfilter Configuration Examples Netfilter In OpenWrt Netfilter Management Alternate firewall builders Firewall Builder: Essence Reloaded Firewall Builder: fwBuilder GUI Firewall Builder: Shell scripts Firewall Builder: Shorewall-lite UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) miniupnpd Universal Plug'n'Play and NAT-PMP on OpenWrt Advanced configuration Documentation User guide Advanced configuration Auto Wake On LAN script for hosts Configuring kexec Connect an Arduino to OpenWrt Expanding root partition and filesystem Hotplug extras How to Load Balance OpenWrt IP set extras NTP Opkg extras PBR extras SDR Send SMS from Shell Send SMS or Email using 3G/GSM modem Sharing raw NMEA GPS data over the network with multiple clients Smartphone USB tethering Snippets Steam Caching using Nginx Sysupgrade extras UCI extras Watchcat - network watchdog utility Installing additional software Documentation User guide Installing additional software Create new users and groups for applications or system services Extroot configuration Managing packages Opkg package manager Saving firmware space and RAM Show available package upgrades after SSH login Smartmontools Using the Image Builder Hardware-specific configuration Documentation User guide Hardware features and modifications Add a buzzer (beeper) to the router Attach functions to a push button Change UART serial port speed (baud rate) on OpenWrt Debrick ath79 using JTAG Devolo Streaming Radio ESP8266 serial bridge Hardware watchdog How to turnoff JTAG to free GPIO (only on ath79 processors) How to turnoff UART to free GPIO (only on ath79 processors) How to use I²C over USB LIRC audio_alsa LIRC GPIO blaster LIRC GPIO receiver / blaster MMC/SD card over GPIO howto PirateBox & LibraryBox PWM emulation with GPIO SIP daemon for Lantiq devices with owsip Terminate UART Console Turning USB power on and off USB Guest configuration Audio support PulseAudio USB audio support Bluetooth in OpenWrt Bluetooth Audio Bluetooth presence detection Bluetooth Speakers/Headphones IPv6 over Bluetooth Smart (Low Energy) Smartphone Bluetooth Tethering USB Bluetooth support LED manipulation and setup Signal strength LED meter Use LEDs to show signal strength with rssileds Video support USB Video Support Webcam with the Linux UVC driver Storage devices Documentation User guide Storage functions Disk Encryption Filesystems Fstab Configuration hd-idle Configuration Installing and troubleshooting USB Drivers mountd Configuration Using storage devices Writable NTFS Additional services Documentation User guide Additional services Ad blocking AOE ((s)ATA over Ethernet) with vblade Babel routing protocol (babeld) banIP CHROOT CrowdSec Gitolite user-restricted git hosting Irqbalance Kerberos Server HowTo Prosody XMPP Server (open messaging protocol) PXE-Boot network boot server Python Random generator Single Packet Authorization with Fwknop Snort Telegraf USB over IP tunnel Automation, home automation and similar Crelay Domoticz on OpenWrt FHEM on OpenWrt pywws Python Weather Station HowTo Weather station control with WeeWX Captive portals (splash pages for free or paid WiFi) CoovaChilli captive portal Nodogsplash (Outdated document) NoDogSplash Captive Portal OpenNDS Captive Portal WiFiDog captive portal (defunct) DC (Direct Connect file sharing) DC overview Direct Connect and Advanced Direct Connect DDNS (Dynamic Domain Name System) DDNS client DDNS Client DuckDNS DDNS Client Hurricane Electric DNS (Domain Name System) AdGuard Home Bind bind-server-filter-aaaa: forcing domains to resolve only to IPv4 addresses DNSCrypt with Dnsmasq and dnscrypt-proxy DNSCrypt with Dnsmasq and dnscrypt-proxy2 dnscrypt-proxy DoH with Dnsmasq and https-dns-proxy DoT with Dnsmasq and Stubby DoT with Unbound ipset-dns KadNode Stubby Tinydns Unbound Downloading and P2P file sharing BitTorrent NZBGet Transmission configuration Email server and functionality E-MailRelay SMTP clients XMail mail server Media server (stream media to devices in the local network) DLNA Media Server iTunes server (forked-daapd) MiniDLNA Rygel UPnP media server uShare configuration NAS (Network Attached Storage) AFP Netatalk share configuration (Apple Time Machine) CIFS Client FTP servers iSCSI ksmbd Network File System (NFS) NFS client NFS share configuration ownCloud or NextCloud RemoteFS Client RemoteFS Server Samba Samba (smb) SFTP server Share USB hard-drive with Samba using LuCI SMB / Samba share overview (Windows file sharing) WebDAV Share Network monitoring Bandwidth monitoring through scripts Bandwidth Monitoring with bwmon Bandwidthd bandwith monitor with wrtbwmon collectd.rrdtool Darkstat Network Traffic Monitor with vnStat ZABBIX network monitoring NTP (time synchronization over Network Time Protocol) NTP client / NTP server Ntpclient configuration Stratum 1 NTP server using USB GPS Print server (printing over the network) CUPS Print Server p910nd p910nd Print Server p910nd Printer Server Printing over SSH Proxy server Privoxy Proxy server overview Shadowsocks Squid Tinyproxy udpxy VNC repeater ZNC IRC network bouncer Control your device remotely without direct SSH access daloRADIUS management system Ostiary Client (run a fixed set of commands remotely) Ostiary Daemon (run a fixed set of commands remotely) Port knocking server knockd Scanner server saned Scanner Server SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Minimal SNMP Daemon (mini_snmpd) configuration snmpd SNMPD SSH (Secure Shell remote access) Autossh OpenSSH Multi Factor Authentication Replace Dropbear to OpenSSH + SFTP SSH FileSystem SSH tunnel SSHFS client TLS encryption Get a free HTTPS certificate from LetsEncrypt for OpenWrt with ACME.sh Installing and trusting a root CA certificate in a PKI TLS libraries TLS/SSL certificates for a server Tor Tor client Tor extras Tor Hidden Service UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) APC BackUps ES-500 - Linksys EA3500 - LuCI graphs APC SmartUps SU-700 - Linksys EA3500 - LuCI graphs How to add data from a TP9605BT multimeter to apcupsd rrd and graphs. NUT (Network UPS Tools) VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) Asterisk chan-lantiq for Asterisk FreeSWITCH on OpenWrt intro Siproxd on OpenWrt intro µMurmur VPN (Virtual Private Network) Cloudflare tunnel Pseudowire Tinc Zerotier Libreswan / IPsec IPsec site-to-site Libreswan L2TP/IPsec OpenConnect OpenConnect client OpenConnect extras OpenConnect server OpenVPN OpenVPN automated PC script OpenVPN client OpenVPN client using LuCI OpenVPN extras OpenVPN performance OpenVPN server OpenVPN server with dynamic IPv6 GUA prefix PPPoSSH PPPoSSH client PPPoSSH extras PPPoSSH server PPTP PPTP client PPTP extras PPTP server SoftEther VPN SoftEther VPN Client strongSwan / IPsec IPsec basics IPsec Firewall IPsec Legacy IKEv1 Configuration IPsec Modern IKEv2 Road-Warrior Configuration IPsec Performance IPsec Site-to-Site IPsec With Overlapping Subnets strongSwan IPsec Configuration via UCI WireGuard Automated WireGuard Server and Multi-client Automated WireGuard site-to-site VPN configuration WireGuard basics WireGuard client WireGuard extras WireGuard peers WireGuard performance WireGuard Road-Warrior Configuration WireGuard route all traffic through wireguard tunnel WireGuard server Wake on LAN (sending Ethernet messages to power up network devices) Etherwake configuration Wake on LAN configuration Web servers Apache HTTP Server BusyBox HTTP Daemon (httpd) webserver Hiawatha webserver Lighttpd webserver mini-httpd webserver Netcat as Webserver Nginx webserver PHP Set up a LAMP webserver stack uHTTPd Web Server Configuration uHTTPd webserver Using OpenWrt/LEDE to build a LAMP/WordPress dev server on a travel router Troubleshooting and maintenance Documentation User guide Troubleshooting Backup and restore Failsafe mode, factory reset, and recovery mode For Developers: Activating EAD (Emergency Access Daemon) Before Running into Problems OpenWrt Debricking Guide Rescue from failed firmware upgrade Resetting the root password Setting up a TFTP server for TFTP Recovery/Install Running OpenWrt in a virtual machine or container Documentation User guide Virtualization Docker OpenWrt Image Generation Metarouter Virtualization on Mikrotik RouterBoard OpenWrt as a Docker Image OpenWrt as a Xen DomU guest OpenWrt as Docker container host OpenWrt as DomU in Debian Xen4 in a private network OpenWrt as QEMU/KVM host server OpenWrt in LXC containers OpenWrt in QEMU OpenWrt on VirtualBox HowTo OpenWrt on VMware HowTo OpenWrt running as metarouter on mikrotik routerOS VirtualBox Advanced Security Documentation User guide Security Dropbear key-based authentication Elevating privileges with sudo Key Generation OpenWrt security features OpenWrt security hardening OpenWrt/LEDE Public Keys Regaining access to an OpenWrt device in client mode Release Signing Secure access to your router Security Guide for the Paranoid Work-in-progress documentation pages Inbox Getting support Howto for Companies to interacting with LEDE IPSec Strongswan IKEv2 using authentication by certificates OpenWrt Code Repository Troubleshooting collection Using Eclipse for C/C++ Programming and Debugging docs guide-developer Gui Development with Luci OpenWrt Security - Overview wan Advanced xDSL tweaks [WIP] howto Enable telnet login with password Modular CPE Management NetBoot NetBoot Netbooting clients into Archlinux from an OpenWRT device Packet scheduling, Hierarchical Token Bucket : an experience toh Huawei 1550 USB modem The T-Mobile Internet Box Totolink N300RT 7links 7Links WLR-1200 actiontec Actiontec F2250 altai Altai C1n arcadyan astoria Arcadyan / Astoria ARV7520CW22-A_LT (AKA Orange Livebox 2.1 v2 (2015) Arcadyan / Astoria prv3399B-E-LT (aka Livebox Plus) Arcadyan WE420223-99 arris Arris TR4400 v2 / RAC2V1A aruba Aruba IAP-305 askey Askey RT4230W REV6 / RAC2V1K asus ASUS APJET01-based series ASUS PL-AC56 A1 ASUS RT-AC3200 R2.34 ASUS RT-AC57U v2 ASUS RT-AC57U v3 ASUS RT-AC58U v3 ASUS RT-AC58U v2 ASUS RT-AC59U v1 ASUS RT-AC59U v2 ASUS RT-N12E C1 avm AVM Fritz!Repeater 2400 bolt BOLT Arion (PL100) bt Nokia G-240G-E cisco Cisco vEdge 1000 comfast COMFAST CF-E538AC COMFAST CF-EW72 V2 d-link D-Link COVR X1860 a1 D-Link COVR-1860 a1 D-Link COVR-P2500 A1 D-Link DAP-1620 D-Link DAP-X1860 D-Link DIR-615/FB H/W Ver.:01 D-Link DIR-X1860 A1 edimax Edimax BR-6208AC V2 google TP-LINK TGR1900 (Google OnHub) huawei Huawei MA5671A iptime ipTIME AX2004M linksys Linksys E2500v4, E5300, E5350 and E5400 Linksys E8350 V1 Linksys EA2750 1.3 Linksys EA7500 V3 Linksys MR7350 1.0 meraki Meraki MR74 Meraki MS220 Meraki MX64 Meraki MX65 mikrotik MikroTik RB912R-2nD (LtAP mini) MikroTik RBGrooveGA-52HPacn MikroTik RouterBOARD RB450Gx4 netgear Netgear RAX120v2 (Nighthawk AX12) Netgear RAX40 ravpower RavPower RP-WD008 RavPower WD007 ruckus RUCKUS H500 RUCKUS R310 RUCKUS R500 RUCKUS ZF7363 sercomm Sercomm MTS S1010 (aka MTS F104) Sercomm S3 t-com telekom T-Com / Telekom Speedport Smart 3 technicolor Technicolor TG789vac v2 tp-link TP-Link Archer C2300 v1 TP-Link Archer MR200 v4 TP-Link EC220-G5 V2 TP-Link RE210 v1 ubiquiti Ubiquiti UniFi Security Gateway Pro 4 upvel Upvel UR-835VCU 1.0R wavlink WAVLINK AC1200 (WL-WN572HG3) WAVLINK WL-WN533A8 (QUANTUM T8) WAVLINK WN531AX2 WAVLINK WS-WN572HP3 A-V1.4 wudoumi Wudoumi WDM-K10 REV5 xiaomi Xiaomi Mi Router 4 Pro Xiaomi AX1800 (AX5/RA67) Xiaomi Mi Router 4A (R4AC) 100M Xiaomi Mi Router 4A Gigabit Edition Xiaomi Mi WiFi Range Extender AC1200 Model RA75 Xiaomi Redmi AX6 Wi-Fi 6 Mesh Router zyxel ZyXEL EX5501-B0 ZyXEL NBG7815 (Armor G5) ZyXEL NWA1121-NI ZyXEL NWA50AX ZyXEL PMG5617GA ZyXEL VMG8825-T50 ZyXEL WAP6805 zyxel ZyXEL NWA1123-NI This website uses cookies. 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