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zh:docs:guide-user:base-system:user.beginner.cli [2019/11/01 05:06] – [使用命令行工具] longgenxingzh:docs:guide-user:base-system:user.beginner.cli [2020/11/10 09:23] xiu
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-FIXME **This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation.**\\ //(remove this paragraph once the translation is finished)// 
- 
 ====== Command-line interpreter ====== ====== Command-line interpreter ======
 ====== 使用命令行工具 ====== ====== 使用命令行工具 ======
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 ===== Configuration ===== ===== Configuration =====
 +===== 系统配置 =====
 In OpenWrt this is done in the file: ''[[docs:guide-user:base-system:notuci.config#etcprofile|/etc/profile]]'' by setting [[wp>Environment variable|environment variables]] and aliases. It comes (of course) pre-configured and will work out-of-the-box, but you can alter and augment it's configuration: In OpenWrt this is done in the file: ''[[docs:guide-user:base-system:notuci.config#etcprofile|/etc/profile]]'' by setting [[wp>Environment variable|environment variables]] and aliases. It comes (of course) pre-configured and will work out-of-the-box, but you can alter and augment it's configuration:
 +
 +**中文翻译**:OpenWrt系统通过修改文件''[[docs:guide-user:base-system:notuci.config#etcprofile|/etc/profile]]''来完成环境变量的设置。
  
   * you can configure the [[wp>command-line_interface#Command_prompt|command prompt]] via the variable ''PS1''. see -> [[https://controlc.de/2010/03/12/bash-shell-einrichten/]] and many many many other pages in the web on help with that   * you can configure the [[wp>command-line_interface#Command_prompt|command prompt]] via the variable ''PS1''. see -> [[https://controlc.de/2010/03/12/bash-shell-einrichten/]] and many many many other pages in the web on help with that
   * you change the content of existent variables and can define new ones   * you change the content of existent variables and can define new ones
   * etc.   * etc.
 +**中文翻译**:
 +  * 你可以通过你可以通过修改PS1这个变量来,改变命令行控制台窗口的提示符。详见-> [[https://controlc.de/2010/03/12/bash-shell-einrichten/]] ,还有很多很多很多其他的网页说明如何修改
 +  * 你可以修改的现有环境变量,也可以定义新的变量
 +  * 如此等等
 +
  
 ===== Copy & Paste ===== ===== Copy & Paste =====
 +===== 复制粘贴 =====
 When in PuTTY, you can mark text content with the mouse and, without pressing any key (like [Ctrl]+[c]), it is being automatically stored. You can then insert it the usual way (with [Ctrl]+[v]) in an other windows, e.g. an open firefox. The other way around, you copy text the usual way [Ctrl]+[c]) and then paste it in PuTTY by pressing the [right mouse button]! When in PuTTY, you can mark text content with the mouse and, without pressing any key (like [Ctrl]+[c]), it is being automatically stored. You can then insert it the usual way (with [Ctrl]+[v]) in an other windows, e.g. an open firefox. The other way around, you copy text the usual way [Ctrl]+[c]) and then paste it in PuTTY by pressing the [right mouse button]!
 +
 +**中文翻译**:当你使用PuTTY这个软件的时候,你可以用鼠标来标记显示的文字,然后它们就被自动复制了,甚至不用按Ctrl+C这样的按键。你还可以使用类似于Ctrl+v按键组合来在另外的窗口粘贴这些内容,比如在浏览器里粘贴。其他的方法,如在别的窗口里按Ctrl+c复制,在PuTTY软件里面用鼠标右键来粘贴。
  
 ==== Numpad in PuTTY while using Vi ==== ==== Numpad in PuTTY while using Vi ====
 +==== 使用Vi文本编辑器时,将PuTTY软件里数字键盘关闭 ====
 In PuTTY goto //"Terminal"// => //"Features"// and check //"Disable application keypad mode"//. In PuTTY goto //"Terminal"// => //"Features"// and check //"Disable application keypad mode"//.
  
 +**中文翻译**:在PuTTY软件里,找到//"Terminal"// => //"Features"// ,然后选中 //"Disable application keypad mode"//进行关闭.
  
 ===== Issue commands ===== ===== Issue commands =====
 +===== 重要的命令 =====
  * For some orientation with the file system and the whole directories, check [[docs:techref:flash.layout]].  * For some orientation with the file system and the whole directories, check [[docs:techref:flash.layout]].
  
 At login you will be in your $HOME directory, which is ''/root'' for user root and would be ''/home/user1'' for user1, etc. Commands: At login you will be in your $HOME directory, which is ''/root'' for user root and would be ''/home/user1'' for user1, etc. Commands:
  
-Command Memorize Description ^^ +**中文翻译**:当以某个用户身份登录系统时,默认进入你的$HOME目录,比如root用户进入“/root”目录,user1就进入“/home/user1”目录。其他命令如下: 
-| ''pwd'' | //print working directory// | prints out the current directory you are in + 
-| ''cd'' | //change directory// | move through the file system directory tree: ''cd ..'', ''cd /'', ''cd /etc/init.d'', ''cd /tmp''+命令 助记信息 功能描述 ^^ 
-| ''ls'' | //list// | print the content of the current directory, ''ls -l /etc''+| ''pwd'' | //print working directory// | 显示你当前处于的目录位置 
-| ''cat'' | //concatenate//printing the content of a file on screen: cat ''/etc/config/network'', ''cat /tmp/dhcp.leases''+| ''cd'' | //change directory// | 切换所在的目录位置: ''cd ..'', ''cd /'', ''cd /etc/init.d'', ''cd /tmp''
-| ''cp'' | //copy// | creates a copy of the specified file, ''cp network network.bak''+| ''ls'' | //list// | 显示当前目录下的所有文件和目录, ''ls -l /etc''
-| ''mv'' | //move// | creates a copy of the specified file and deletes the original, ''mv /tmp/opkg-lists/snapshots /mnt/sda1/opkg/packages''+| ''cat'' | //concatenate//讲一个文件的内容显示出来: cat ''/etc/config/network'', ''cat /tmp/dhcp.leases''
-| ''df'' | //disk free// | Shows you available spaceAgain, see [[docs:techref:flash.layout]] for understanding ''/rom'', etcAnd see [[man>df]] for help with the command and it's optionsTry ''df -h''. | +| ''cp'' | //copy// | 复制文件: ''cp network network.bak''
-| ''free'' | | about free RAM +| ''mv'' | //move// | 移动文件的位置(先复制然后删除原来的老文件), ''mv /tmp/opkg-lists/snapshots /mnt/sda1/opkg/packages''
-| ''uptime'' | | time elapsed since last boot +| ''df'' | //disk free// | 显示当前可用的磁盘空间同样详见 [[docs:techref:flash.layout]] 理解''/rom'',以及其他内容以及参照[[man>df]] 的帮助文件,查看具体选项使用''df -h''获取帮助信息. | 
-| ''dmesg'' | | print or control the kernel ring buffer | +| ''free'' | | 查看内存的使用情况 
-| ''logread'' | | Shows the messages from syslogd (using circular buffer) | +| ''uptime'' | | 从启动到现在经历的时间长度 
-| ''cat /proc/version'' | | | +| ''dmesg'' | | 显示开机信息,或者控制系统内的环状缓冲区(ring buffer) 
-| ''cat /proc/meminfo'' | | more detailed data uppon RAM usage +| ''logread'' | | 显示从syslogd服务程序产生的信息 (使用 circular buffer) | 
-| ''cat /proc/cpuinfo'' | | about your CPU | +| ''cat /proc/version'' | |显示当前系统版本 
-| ''cat /proc/mtd'' | | | +| ''cat /proc/meminfo'' | | 更详细的内存使用信息 
-| ''cat /proc/partitions'' | | | +| ''cat /proc/cpuinfo'' | | CPU信息 
-| ''cat /proc/net/nf_conntrack'' | | | +| ''cat /proc/mtd'' | | 存储设备(使用内存类似技术)的分局表 
-| ''cat /proc/cmdline'' | | | +| ''cat /proc/partitions'' | | 系统分区表 
-| ''cat /proc/modules'' | | |+| ''cat /proc/net/nf_conntrack'' | | 记录当前系统里存在的网络连接的表 
 +| ''cat /proc/cmdline'' | |  
 +| ''cat /proc/modules'' | | 显示当前系统已经加载的模块 |
  
 There is a ton of commands with a ton of options. On a full blown Linux distribution you would issue a ''man command'' to learn about the command and its options. However OpenWrt is minimalistic and thus does not contain this functionality. So either read the man-pages (manual pages) on another GNU/Linux machine or read them online: e.g. at [[https://man.cx/]]. Man pages are in the process of being translated. There is a ton of commands with a ton of options. On a full blown Linux distribution you would issue a ''man command'' to learn about the command and its options. However OpenWrt is minimalistic and thus does not contain this functionality. So either read the man-pages (manual pages) on another GNU/Linux machine or read them online: e.g. at [[https://man.cx/]]. Man pages are in the process of being translated.
 +
 +**中文翻译**:系统有巨量的命令还有巨量的选项。在一个完整的Linux发行版本中,你可以使用“man //命令名称//”命令来了解命令和它的选项。OpenWrt最小化配备地风格,以至于就没包含这个功能(译者注:指man帮助功能)。所以,你可以在另外一台包含了帮助文件的Linux机器上,或者在网页上去了解帮助内容:比如通过 [[https://man.cx/]]网站。帮助页面也正在被翻译之中。
  
 **''Tip''** In firefox, you can use [[https://kb.mozillazine.org/Using_keyword_searches|keywords]] to simplify the usage. Create a new bookmark, use ''https://man.cx/?page=%s'' as address and ''man'' as keyword. **''Tip''** In firefox, you can use [[https://kb.mozillazine.org/Using_keyword_searches|keywords]] to simplify the usage. Create a new bookmark, use ''https://man.cx/?page=%s'' as address and ''man'' as keyword.
  
 +**中文翻译**:**提示** 在火狐浏览器中,你可以使用 [[https://kb.mozillazine.org/Using_keyword_searches|keywords]] 来简化查找命令帮助流程。标记一个新的书签,使用 ''https://man.cx/?page=%s''作为网址,以及 ''man''作为关键字。
 ===== editing files ===== ===== editing files =====
 +===== 文本编辑 =====
 To edit a file you need an editor, to edit a text file, you would use a text editor. To edit a file you need an editor, to edit a text file, you would use a text editor.
 +
 +**中文翻译**:要想编辑文件你得有个编辑器才行,编辑一个文本文件,你就得用文本编辑器。
  
 The standard text editor included is ''[[wp>vi]]''. Until you get used to it, vi is neither intuitive nor pretty. The standard text editor included is ''[[wp>vi]]''. Until you get used to it, vi is neither intuitive nor pretty.
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   * to enter insert mode press either [i] for //insert//  or [a] for //append//   * to enter insert mode press either [i] for //insert//  or [a] for //append//
   * ''vi'' starts out in command mode   * ''vi'' starts out in command mode
 +
 +**中文翻译**:标准的文本编辑器是''[[wp>vi]]''。除非你用的很熟了,否则你会发现vi这个软件不好学,也不那么完美。
 +  * vi编辑器有两种模式:命令行模式 和 插入编辑模式
 +  * 先按下ESC键进入到命令行模式
 +  * 先按下键盘i键进入到插入编辑模式,或者按下a键进入到追加编辑模式
 +  * vi启动时首先进入的是命令行模式
  
 === starting vi === === starting vi ===
 +=== 启动vi编辑器 ===
 Start with ''vi'' or ''vi /etc/config/network'' or ''vi firewall.user'' if you are already in the same directory. Start with ''vi'' or ''vi /etc/config/network'' or ''vi firewall.user'' if you are already in the same directory.
 +
 +**中文翻译**:使用vi命令启动编辑器。运行''vi /etc/config/network''来编辑network文件; 或者 ''vi firewall.user''来新建或者打开firewall.user文件。
  
 === editing === === editing ===
 +=== 编辑 ====
 In order to edit the file, you have to be in //insert mode//. Press [i] or [a]. In order to edit the file, you have to be in //insert mode//. Press [i] or [a].
 +
 +**中文翻译**:要编辑一个文件,你就要进入插入编辑模式。按i或者a键进入该模式。
  
 === exiting vi === === exiting vi ===
 +=== 退出vi编辑器 ===
 In order to get out of vi, you have to be in //command mode//. Press [Esc] (the escape key). Then issue one of the following commands: In order to get out of vi, you have to be in //command mode//. Press [Esc] (the escape key). Then issue one of the following commands:
   * '':w'' to write the current file to disc, this will overwrite the old file   * '':w'' to write the current file to disc, this will overwrite the old file
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   * '':wq!'' to (forcefully) write to disk and then quit vi   * '':wq!'' to (forcefully) write to disk and then quit vi
   * '':%s/string1/string2/g'' replace string1 with string2 in the whole file   * '':%s/string1/string2/g'' replace string1 with string2 in the whole file
 +
 +**中文翻译**:为了退出vi编辑器,你必须切换到 命令行模式 才行。按下ESC键就可以进入命令行模式。然后敲下面的这些命令:
 +  * 输入“:w” 用来把当前的文件写入存储器中,这会覆盖旧的文件内容。
 +  * 输入“:q”用来不保存退出vi编辑器
 +  * 输入“:wq!”用来强制写入存储器,然后退出vi
 +  * 输入“:%s/string1/string2/g”用来将文件里的所有string1替换成string2
  
 === configuring vi === === configuring vi ===
 +=== 配置vi编辑器 ===
 Vi can be configured in //command mode// by setting certain variables: Vi can be configured in //command mode// by setting certain variables:
   * '':set ai'' use auto indentation (sometimes annoying default)   * '':set ai'' use auto indentation (sometimes annoying default)
   * '':set noai'' NO auto indentation   * '':set noai'' NO auto indentation
 +
 +**中文翻译**:vi编辑器的参数可以在命令行模式下进行配置:
 +  * 输入“:set ai”用来自动插入缩进(但有些时候自动功能很烦人)
 +  * 输入“:set noai”用来关闭自动插入缩进
  
 === alternative text editors === === alternative text editors ===
 +=== 其他替代的文本编辑器 ===
 If you do not like ''vi'', try ''joe'', ''mg'', ''nano'', ''vim'', ''vim-full'', ''vim-help'', ''vim-runtime'', ''zile'' If you do not like ''vi'', try ''joe'', ''mg'', ''nano'', ''vim'', ''vim-full'', ''vim-help'', ''vim-runtime'', ''zile''
   * ''[[wp>Vim (text editor)|vim]]''   * ''[[wp>Vim (text editor)|vim]]''
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   * You may need to restart the system to let vim be installed properly.   * You may need to restart the system to let vim be installed properly.
  
 +**中文翻译**:如果你不喜欢vi编辑器,你可以尝试joe、mg、nano、vim、vim-full、vim-help、vim-rumtime、zile,介绍如下:
 +  * ''[[wp>Vim (text editor)|vim]]''
 +  * ''[[wp>Joe's Own Editor|joe]]''
 +  * ''[[wp>nano (text editor)|nano]]''
 +  * ''[[wp>Zile (editor)|zile]]''
 +  * ''[[wp>mg (editor)|mg]]''
 +  * 还有好多其他的文本编辑器在OpenWrt的软件库里:-)
 +  * 你安装好vim之后得重启设备才能让它正常工作。
 ===== Scripting language ===== ===== Scripting language =====
 +===== 脚本语言 =====
 OpenWrt uses [[https://www.busybox.net/BusyBox.html | busybox's]] ash shell by default, which is in most parts //[[wp>POSIX]]// conform. Visit //[[wp>shell script]]// for general Information about shell scripts. OpenWrt uses [[https://www.busybox.net/BusyBox.html | busybox's]] ash shell by default, which is in most parts //[[wp>POSIX]]// conform. Visit //[[wp>shell script]]// for general Information about shell scripts.
  
 +**中文翻译**:OpenWrt默认使用 [[https://www.busybox.net/BusyBox.html | busybox's]]ash命令行控制台软件,这个软件比较符合 //[[wp>POSIX]]// 规则。访问//[[wp>shell script]]//了解一般的控制台脚本的信息。
 ===== Executing shell scripts ===== ===== Executing shell scripts =====
 +===== 执行命令行控制台脚本文件 =====
 Shell scripts can be executed with: Shell scripts can be executed with:
 +
 +**中文翻译**:控制台脚本可以像下面这么执行:
  
 ''sh /path/to/script.sh'' ''sh /path/to/script.sh''
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 After changing the executable bit its also possible to run it without the sh in front: After changing the executable bit its also possible to run it without the sh in front:
  
 +**中文翻译**:如果修改了文件属性里的执行位,也可以达到不加sh就能执行的目的:
 +  *为文件添加可直接执行的属性
 <code> <code>
 chmod +x /path/to/script.sh chmod +x /path/to/script.sh
 +</code>
 +
 +  *直接访问并执行文件
 +<code>
 /path/to/script.sh /path/to/script.sh
 </code> </code>
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 ===== File Managers ===== ===== File Managers =====
 +===== 文件管理器 =====
 You may also want to try ''[[wp>Midnight Commander|mc]]'' or ''[[wp>Demos Commander|deco]]''. You may also want to try ''[[wp>Midnight Commander|mc]]'' or ''[[wp>Demos Commander|deco]]''.
 +
 +**中文翻译**:你可以使用[[wp>Midnight Commander|mc]]命令,或者[[wp>Demos Commander|deco]]命令来管理文件。(译者注:这两个软件都需要单独安装,另外mc对中文比较友好)
  
  
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 ===== Further Help ===== ===== Further Help =====
 +===== 更多帮助信息 =====
   * [[https://wiki.debian.org/CommandLineInterface]]   * [[https://wiki.debian.org/CommandLineInterface]]
   * [[http://linuxcommand.org/tlcl.php]] ---- William Shotts free pdf books starting from terminal basics   * [[http://linuxcommand.org/tlcl.php]] ---- William Shotts free pdf books starting from terminal basics
  
 +===== 翻译信息 =====
 +LongGenxing  20191101 第一次翻译
 +xiu          20201110 修正了两处错别字
  • Last modified: 2021/01/29 12:19
  • by lujimmy