Opkg软件包管理器
Like most Linux distributions (or mobile device operating systems like say Android or iOS), the functionality of the system can be upgraded rather significantly by downloading and installing pre-made packages from package repositories (local or on the Internet).
The opkg
utility is the lightweight package manager used for this job. Opkg is a fork of ipkg
, the package manager used in NSLU2's Optware, which is designed to add software to stock firmware of embedded devices.
Opkg is a full package manager for the root file system, including kernel modules and drivers, while ipkg is just a way to add software to a separate directory (e.g. /opt
).
Opkg is sometimes called Entware, as it is used also in the Entware repository for embedded devices (a fork of OpenWrt community packages repository).
The package manager opkg
attempts to resolve dependencies with packages in the repositories - if this fails, it will report an error and abort the installation of that package.
Missing dependencies with third-party packages are probably available from the source of the package.
To ignore dependency errors, pass the --force-depends
flag.
If you are using a snapshot / trunk / bleeding edge version, installing packages may fail if the package in the repository is for a newer kernel version than the kernel version you have.
In this case, you will get the error message “Cannot satisfy the following dependencies for…”.
For such usage of OpenWrt firmware, it's warmly recommended to use the Image Builder to make a flashable image containing all packages you need.
When on trunk/snapshot, kernel and kmod packages are flagged as hold, the opkg upgrade
command won't attempt to update them.
Invocation
opkg must have one sub-command argument: usage: opkg [options...] sub-command [arguments...] where sub-command is one of:
You can use glob patterns.
Package Manipulation
update | Update list of available packages This simply retrieves a file like this one: example, for your installation and stores it on your RAM partition under /tmp/opkg-lists . As of LEDE 17.01, after the opkg upgrade, this folder occupies about 450 KiB of space. OPKG needs the content of this folder in order to install or upgrade packages or to print info about them. You can safely delete the contents of this folder anytime to free up some RAM (its content is also lost on reboot), don't forget to run opkg update again before you install a new package. |
upgrade <pkgs> | Upgrade packages To upgrade a group of packages, run opkg upgrade packagename1 packagename2 .A list of upgradeable packages can be obtained with the opkg list-upgradable command.------------ Since OpenWrt firmware stores the base system in a compressed read-only partition, any update to base system packages will be written in the read-write partition and therefore use more space than it would if it was just overwriting the older version in the compressed base system partition. It's recommended to check the available space in internal flash memory and the space requirements for updates of base system packages. Upgrading packages you installed should not have this issue as they are already in the read-write partition so the new one will overwrite the older one, although checking before upgrading never hurts. As a general rule of thumb, devices that have 8 MiB or more total flash size and no user-installed packages should not have space issues when updating base packages, and of course devices set up for Extroot won't have any space issue. To check for free space, write df -h / from SSH or go in Software page in Luci webinterface (System submenu -→ Software) to see how much space is left in the internal storage.Check the size of packages you want to update by writing opkg info package-name in SSH or by checking the package size listed in the table in Software page, or you can check the Table of Packages here in the wiki. While the “size” in opkg is the size of package in a compressed archive, the jffs2 or ubifs read-write partition will use the same compression algorithm on the installed files, so it should have similar size when installed.The package repositories in the development snapshots are updated by the build bots to new versions very often, so it's very likely you won't be able to upgrade some packages due to broken dependencies with kernel or kernel-related packages. In that case, it's recommended to use the Image Builder and make a new firmware image with all packages you need and flash that instead of upgrading through opkg. |
install <pkgs|FQDN> | Install package(s) Examples: opkg install hiawatha opkg install http://downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/trunk/ar71xx/packages/hiawatha_7.7-2_ar71xx.ipk opkg install /tmp/hiawatha_7.7-2_ar71xx.ipk |
configure <pkgs> | Configure unpacked package(s) |
remove <pkgs|globp> | Remove package(s) |
flag <flag> <pkgs> | Flag one or multiple package(s). Only one flag per invocation is allowed. Available flags: hold • noprune • user • ok • installed • unpacked |
Informational Commands
list [pkg|globp] | List available packagesPackage name - Version - Description The Description can contain line breaks, so using merely grep is inapt since grep is line-based. |
list-installed | List installed packages |
list-upgradable | List installed and upgradable packages |
list-changed-conffiles | List user modified configuration files |
files <pkg> | List files belonging to <pkg>. The package has to be already installed for this to work. Example:opkg files asterisk18 Package asterisk18 (1.8.4.4-1) is installed on root and has the following files: /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/res_rtp_multicast.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/codec_ulaw.so /etc/asterisk/features.conf /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/format_wav_gsm.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/app_macro.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/chan_sip.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/app_dial.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/app_playback.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/format_gsm.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/func_callerid.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/func_timeout.so /etc/asterisk/asterisk.conf /etc/asterisk/modules.conf /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/format_wav.so /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf /etc/init.d/asterisk /etc/asterisk/manager.conf /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/res_rtp_asterisk.so /etc/asterisk/logger.conf /etc/asterisk/rtp.conf /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/codec_gsm.so /etc/asterisk/indications.conf /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/func_strings.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/app_echo.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/format_pcm.so /etc/asterisk/sip_notify.conf /etc/asterisk/sip.conf /etc/default/asterisk /usr/sbin/asterisk /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/pbx_config.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/func_logic.so |
search <file|globp> | List package providing <file> |
info [pkg|globp] | Display all info for <pkg>Package: horst Version: 2.0-rc1-2 Depends: libncurses Provides: Status: install user installed Section: net Architecture: ar71xx Maintainer: Bruno Randolf <br1@einfach.org> MD5Sum: 378cea9894ec971c419876e822666a6a Size: 19224 Filename: horst_2.0-rc1-2_ar71xx.ipk Source: feeds/packages/net/horst Description: [horst] is a scanning and analysis tool for 802.11 wireless networks and especially IBSS (ad-hoc) mode and mesh networks (OLSR).
|
status [pkg|globp] | Display all status for <pkg> |
download <pkg> | Download <pkg> to current directory |
compare-versions <v1> <op> <v2> | Compare versions v1 and v2 using the operators <= , < , > , >= , = , << or >> |
print-architecture | List installable package architectures |
whatdepends [-A] [pkgname|pat]+ | This only works for installed packages. So if you would like to know, how much storage a package and all of it's dependencies would need, at the moment, you will have to piece this information together with the info -option. |
whatdependsrec [-A] [pkgname|pat]+ | This only works for installed packages. So if you would like to know, how much storage a package and all of it's dependencies would need, at the moment, you will have to piece this information together with the info -option. |
whatprovides [-A] [pkgname|pat]+ | |
whatconflicts [-A] [pkgname|pat]+ | |
whatreplaces [-A] [pkgname|pat]+ |
Options
Option | Long | Description |
---|---|---|
-A | Query all packages not just those installed | |
-V[<level>] | --verbosity[=<level>] | Set verbosity level to <level>. Available verbosity levels: 0 errors only 1 normal messages (default) 2 informative messages 3 debug 4 debug level 2 |
-f <conf_file> | --conf <conf_file> | Use <conf_file> as the opkg configuration file. Default is /etc/opkg.conf |
--cache <directory> | Use a package cache | |
-d <dest_name> | --dest <dest_name> | Use <dest_name> as the the root directory for package installation, removal, upgrading. <dest_name> should be a defined dest name from the configuration file, (but can also be a directory name in a pinch). |
-o <dir> | --offline-root <dir> | Use <dir> as the root directory for offline installation of packages. |
--add-arch <arch>:<prio> | Register architecture with given priority | |
--add-dest <name>:<path> | Register destination with given path | |
Force Options | ||
--force-depends | Install/remove despite failed dependencies | |
--force-maintainer | Overwrite preexisting config files | |
--force-reinstall | Reinstall package(s) | |
--force-overwrite | Overwrite files from other package(s) | |
--force-downgrade | Allow opkg to downgrade packages | |
--force-space | Disable free space checks | |
--force-checksum | Ignore checksum mismatches | |
--force-postinstall | Run postinstall scripts even in offline mode | |
--noaction | No action -- test only | |
--download-only | No action -- download only | |
--nodeps | Do not follow dependencies | |
--force-removal-of-dependent-packages | Remove package and all dependencies | |
--autoremove | Remove packages that were installed automatically to satisfy dependencies | |
-t | --tmp-dir | Specify tmp-dir. |
Examples
To install a package run the following commands. List of available packages is lost upon reboot, so make sure to update the list before trying to install a package
opkg update opkg install <package>
To search
opkg list
will display onlyPackage name — Version — Description
opkg info
will display all available information.
You can make use of glob patterns directly and also write a little shell script to use Regular expressions and otherwise further process information. Use a pipe (|
) and grep
or awk
or sed
to filter that output:
opkg list | grep pattern
opkg list | awk '/pattern/ {print $0}
opkg info kmod-ipt-* | awk '/length/ {print $0}
'opkg list-installed | awk '{print $1}' | sed ':M;N;$!bM;s#\n# #g
'var=“packagename1 packagename2 packagename2”; for i in $var; do opkg info $i; done;
opkg depends dropbear
doesn't work either.
Mass upgrade of all “upgradable” packages is not a good idea, as opkg only indicates that there is a newer version of the package, but does not do any further evaluation. Exceeding the flash space or failing to download all needed upgrades might brick the router. However, if you want to try that, there is one-liner to do it:
opkg list-upgradable | cut -f 1 -d ' ' | xargs opkg upgrade
command upgrades all installed packages that are currently “upgradable”
Read the cautionary file system notes first before trying to upgrade all packages.
Configuration
The main configuration file is /etc/opkg.conf
. It could look like this:
dest root / dest ram /tmp lists_dir ext /var/opkg-lists option overlay_root /overlay
As you can see, it sets default folders:
- default root directory (default
/
) - default ram disk (default
/tmp
) - default folder to store package lists (default
/var/opkg-lists
, still a ram disk) - what is the overlay directory (default
/overlay
)
Most of these options must be left to default, or have no real reason to be changed.
You might want to change the lists_dir ext /var/opkg-lists
to lists_dir ext /path/on/disk
if your device has 32 MiB or less of RAM and you expanded your firmware's storage space in an external drive, so you can use opkg without causing Out Of Memory errors.
This file is accessible and can be modified from Luci Web interface too, Click on Services then on Software. Click on Configuration tab.
Adjust Repositories
Feeds are set in /etc/opkg/distfeeds.conf
src/gz reboot_core http://downloads.lede-project.org/snapshots/targets/ramips/mt7620/packages src/gz reboot_base http://downloads.lede-project.org/snapshots/packages/mipsel_24kc/base src/gz reboot_telephony http://downloads.lede-project.org/snapshots/packages/mipsel_24kc/telephony src/gz reboot_packages http://downloads.lede-project.org/snapshots/packages/mipsel_24kc/packages src/gz reboot_routing http://downloads.lede-project.org/snapshots/packages/mipsel_24kc/routing src/gz reboot_luci http://downloads.lede-project.org/snapshots/packages/mipsel_24kc/luci
there is also another file for custom feeds called /etc/opkg/customfeeds.conf
# add your custom package feeds here # # src/gz example_feed_name http://www.example.com/path/to/files
Both files are accessible and can be modified from Luci Web interface too, Click on Services then on Software. Click on Configuration tab, then scroll down.
Local Repositories
You can configure opkg to fetch the packages locally:
src/gz local file:///path/to/packagesDirectory
OpenWrt uses multiple repositories, where every repository requires a unique identifier. It is logical to use their original names, e.g.:
... src/gz base file:///path/to/packages/directory/packages/base src/gz luci file:///path/to/packages/directory/packages/luci src/gz packages file:///path/to/packages/directory/packages/packages src/gz oldpackages file:///path/to/packages/directory/packages/oldpackages ... etc ...
Change Architectures
OpenWrt is using package architectures, many devices pull packages from the same pool.
The following paragraph requires proofreading and likely some modification to be adapted for the current OpenWrt status.
By default, opkg only allows packages with the architecture all
(= architecture independent) and the architecture of the installed target.
In order to download and install packages for a foreign target architecture, the list of allowed architectures can be overridden in /etc/opkg.conf
with the use of arch
options:
arch all 100 arch brcm4716 200 arch brcm47xx 300
This example would allow installing brcm47xx
packages (compiled to run on brcm47xx
family of SoC/devices) on the brcm4716
(a specific SoC) target.
The number specifies a priority index which is used by opkg
to determine which package to prefer in case it is available in multiple architectures.
Proxy support
To use opkg
through a proxy, add the following to /etc/opkg.conf
:
option http_proxy http://proxy.example.org:8080/ option ftp_proxy ftp://proxy.example.org:2121/
Use the options below to authenticate against the proxy server:
option proxy_user xxxx option proxy_passwd xxxx
Alternatively, a username and password may be provided as part of the URL if busybox wget is installed:
option http_proxy http://username:password@proxy.example.org:8080/ option ftp_proxy http://username:password@proxy.example.org:2121/
Authentication currently fails when using uclient-fetch as wget due to Proxy-Authorization
not yet being implemented.
If you are running apt-cacher-ng and want to use that for OpenWRT, you may experience problems downloading .sig files through apt-cacher-ng. In that case put the following line in your acng.conf
file:
VfilePatternEx: |\.sig$
Troubleshooting
Out of space
If opkg runs out of space, it usually fails to recover cleanly leaving dangling lock files in place resulting in a Could not obtain administrative lock
error. The lock file can be deleted by issuing the rm /usr/lib/opkg/lock
command.
Additionally, opkg may not remove the files it was installing.
One way to do this is get a list of the files it was installing, then delete them.
Replace the url with the appropriate package.
(cd /; \ wget -qO- http://download.link.to.package | \ tar -Oxz ./data.tar.gz | tar -tz | xargs rm)
However, the above line does not delete the dependencies that were installed along with the package responsible. Also, it leaves empty directories around. The script below intends to fix those.
#!/bin/sh #takes one argument/parameter: the name of the package which didn't install correctly and should be removed along with its dependencies #example: ./opkgremovepartlyinstalledpackage.sh pulseaudio-daemon #get list of all packages that would be installed along with package x PACKAGES=`opkg --force-space --noaction install $1 | grep "http:" | cut -f 2 -d ' ' | sed 's/\.$//'` opkg update for i in $PACKAGES do LIST=`wget -qO- $i | tar -Oxz ./data.tar.gz | tar -tz | sort -r | sed 's/^./\/overlay\/upper/'` for f in $LIST do if [ -f $f ] then echo "Removing file $f" rm -f $f fi if [ -d $f ] then echo "Try to remove directory $f (will only work on empty directories)" rmdir $f fi done done echo "You may need to reboot for the free space to become visible"
Save it as opkgremovepartlyinstalledpackage.sh
somewhere, set it as an executable with chmod +x ./opkgremovepartlyinstalledpackage.sh
and you can execute it by doing ./opkgremovepartlyinstalledpackage.sh <package-name>
.
Local repository
Convert this into LEDE and explain what it is actually doing.
Live example:
r=44685 search="http://downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/trunk/ar71xx/generic" replace="file:///mnt/sdcard/shared/users/www/r$r" sed -i -e "s!$search!$replace!" /etc/opkg.conf
Share for a second router:
ln -s /mnt/sdcard/shared/users/www /www/pendrive
In the second router:
r=44685 search="downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/trunk/ar71xx/generic" replace="192.168.1.1/pendrive/r$r" sed -i -e "s!$search!$replace!" /etc/opkg.conf
Non-standard Installation Destinations
Due to its history (fork of ipkg), opkg can specify a destination different than root for package installation, but since most packages don't support this natively, it's more a curiosity than actually useful.
The recommended way to have more space to install your packages is Extroot
WARNING: this solution will NOT work out-of-the-box in most cases, OpenWrt packages are designed to be installed in root filesystem and may need additional symlinks or modifications to work at all under the changed path!
The default opkg.conf actually contains three destinations:
dest root / dest ram /tmp dest mnt /mnt
The format of destination lines is simply the keyword dest, followed by a name for this destination (this can be anything), followed by a filesystem location. Any destination that has been thus configured can then be specified on the opkg command line like this:
opkg -d destination_name install somepackage
The dest argument must refer to one of the defined destinations in /etc/opkg.conf
, e.g. -d ram
to install packages to /tmp/
.
If you want to install kernel modules on any other destination than root, you might want to read this first: https://dev.openwrt.org/ticket/10739