Конфигурация в fstab

Fstab это сокращение от file systems table (таблица системных файлов), это главный конфигурационный файл определяющий какие устройства или файловые системы куда монтируются. Это файл читается в момент загрузки системы и анализируется для определения что и куда монтировать. В данном файле могут описываться так же специальные файловые системы для примера как swap-раздел (раздел дополнительной виртуальной памяти см. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Подкачка_страниц). Так же в данном файле могут находится описания для автоматизации подключения файловых систем, монтирование которых происходит или в ручном режиме или недоступных на момент загрузки системы. Созданная или измененная конфигурация через графический интерфейс uci может содержать все необходимые опции и ключи и это файл находится в

/etc/config/fstab

Пакет block-mount (смотри block_mount ) содержит несколько скриптов для осуществления применения (монтирования) данной конфигурации из fstab. Для примера, block-mount имеет скрипты для монтирования в процесс загрузки системы или скрипт который запускается при подключении USB-устройства хранения данных конфигурация которого описана в fstab. Он так содержит скрипт загрузки Extroot. Эта статья объясняет, как конфигурация UCI Fstab долженая быть настроена.

Изучите примечание Notes прежде чем продолжить. Так же прочитайте storage для общей информации о раздела устройств, создании файловой системы и монтирования файловой системы.

:!: Файловые системы BTRFS, JFS, UBI, XFS и возможно другие (F2FS...) не поддерживаются в /etc/config/fstab. Для их монтирования необходимо использовать отдельные скрипты.

В сборке r36988 пакет block-mount был изменен. Для работы с fstab новый пакет block-mount содержит команду block для упрощения монтирования. Новый пакет ubox который устанавливается автоматически по зависимость от block-mount заменяет функционал монтирования. Вы можете запустить block <info|mount|umount|detect>.

Пакет block-mount требуется для работы fstab. Его функциональность теперь предоставляется ubox. Он создан для поддержки стандарта конфигурации init.d:

  1. Установка
    opkg update
    opkg install block-mount 

После сборки r36988, когда устанавливается block-mount, вы может использовать новую утилиту block. Вызовите block detect для получения простой конфигурации uci в файл. Далее вы можете ее изменить на свое усмотрение.

Для быстрого создания fstab можно использовать:

block detect > /etc/config/fstab

Далее отредактируйте ваш fstab в редакторе vi. Для понимания как работает редактор смотрите vi:

vi /etc/config/fstab

Если точка монтирования “корень” / то вы начнете использовать extroot в процессе загрузки. Так же смотрите Extroot. Запустите block info для получения актуальных uuid доступных файловых систем. Так же смотри : block_mount для технических подробностей о процессе монтирования и использованных скриптах и командах.

  1. enable (make it start automatically on every boot up)
    /etc/init.d/fstab enable
  2. and start (right now)
    /etc/init.d/fstab start

Whenever you change your configuration, restart this to make it take effect:

/etc/init.d/fstab restart

FIXME As of, or before 2014-04-14, running:

/etc/init.d/fstab start|restart

results in the following error message:

this file has been obseleted. please call "/sbin/block mount" directly

. Need to document the [b]new[b] proper way of doing things for Barrier Breaker.

The configuration file consists of mount sections defining file systems to be mounted and swap partitions to be activated.

A sample configuration looks as follows:

#### Global options

config 'global'
        # mount swap devices that don't have their own config section
        option  anon_swap       '0'
        # mount block devices that don't have their own config section   
        option  anon_mount      '0'
        # automatically mount block devices when they appear
        option  auto_swap       '1'
        # automatically mount swap devices when they appear
        option  auto_mount      '1'
        # wait X seconds before trying to mount root devices on boot
        option  delay_root      '0'
        # run e2fsck on device prior to a mount
        option  check_fs        '0'

#### Mount sections. Note that partitions/devices can either be defined it by their device file, mount point or UUID (or more at the same time).

# a swap partition
config 'swap'
        option  device  'sda1'
        option  uuid    'd3c87695-886f-4579-ae94-0a3bb3eb6046'

# a swap file
config 'swap'
        option  device  '/mnt/shared/swap'

# a swap device by label (mkswap -L swap /dev/sdb2)
config 'swap'
        option  label 'swap'

# a pivot overlay device (ext4) for extroot
config 'mount'
        option  target  '/overlay'
        option  uuid    '998d4bfc-81b5-469a-be2a-999ed2b81d88'

# and a data partition (vfat)
config 'mount'
        option  target  '/data'
        option  uuid    'e10e-6812'

:!: the sections below are often related to old versions before trunk r36988. FIXME

There is one global section named automount which defines the hotplug automounting behaviour.

This example is included by default:

config 'global' 'automount' option 'from_fstab' '1' option 'anon_mount' '1'

The automount section contains these settings:

Name Type Required Default Description
from_fstab boolean no 1 Whether to use mount sections when doing hotplug mounts
anon_mount boolean no 1 When using hotplug mounts, whether to automatically mount filesystems not defined in a mount section under /mnt/$device

There is one global section named autoswap which defines the hotplug auto swap behaviour.

This example is included by default:

config 'global' 'autoswap' option 'from_fstab' '1' option 'anon_swap' '0'

The autoswap section contains these settings:

Name Type Required Default Description
from_fstab boolean no 1 Whether to use swap sections when doing hotplug swap on
anon_swap boolean no 0 When using hotplug swapon, whether to automatically swapon devices not defined in a swap section

Each mount section defines a filesystem to be mounted at boot. Filesystems must be formatted before they can be used. :!: mount section can not be renamed by user (such as “storage” instead of “mount”).

This example is included by default:

config 'mount' option 'target' '/home' option 'device' '/dev/sda1' option 'fstype' 'ext4' option 'options' 'rw,sync' option 'enabled' '0' option 'enabled_fsck' '0'

The mount section contains these settings:

Name Type Required Default Description
device string yes or uuid or label (none) Device (partition) to mount the filesystem from. If uuid or label are specified, they are used, rather than device.
uuid string yes or device or label (none) UUID of device (partition) to mount the filesystem from, as shown by blkid. If uuid is present in the mount section, it is used in preference to label or device.
label string yes or device or uuid (none) LABEL of device (partition) to mount the filesystem from, as shown by blkid. If uuid is present in the mount section, it takes precedence. label takes precedence over device.
enabled boolean no 1 Whether to mount this filesystem automatically at boot.
fstype string no auto Type of the filesystem (i.e. ext3). remote file systems
options string no rw Mount options for this filesystem.
target string yes (none) Target directory to mount the filesystem onto. After trunk r25787 specifying '/overlay' here means this filesystem will be mounted as the overlay-based rootfs, while after trunk r26109 specifying '/' here means the filesystem will be mounted as regular rootfs (that is not overlay-based) (see extroot). Neither '/' nor '/overlay' aplies to Backfire.
enabled_fsck boolean no 0 Whether to automatically check for/repair errors before mounting the filesystem.
is_rootfs boolean no 0 »Please read the particular article extroot_configuration for this functionality!«
deprecated after trunk r25787, still needed in Backfire.
Before r25787 it is required for block-extroot mounts

Each swap section defines a swap partition to be activated at boot.
:!: Swap partitions must be formatted before they can be used and the swap-utils package needs to be installed!
:!: Swap partitions must be first defined (i.e. formatted and hex type 82 (LINUX_SWAP) selected as its partition type) using the mkswap /dev/device command!

This example is included by default:

config 'swap' option 'device' '/dev/sda2' option 'enabled' '0'

The swap section contains these settings:

Name Type Required Default Description
device string yes or uuid or label (none) Device (partition) to mount the swap from. uuid and label take precedence
uuid string yes or device or label (none) UUID of device (partition) to mount the swap from, as shown by blkid. If uuid is present in the mount section, it is used in preference to label or device.
label string yes or device or uuid (none) LABEL of device (partition) to mount the swap from, as shown by blkid. If uuid is present in the mount section, it takes precedence. label takes precedence over device.
enabled boolean no 1 Whether to activate this swap partition automatically at boot.

If you ask people or search the net, you will find as a general rule of thumb double RAM for machines with 512MiB of RAM or less than, and same amount as RAM for machines with more. But this very rough estimate does apply for your embedded device! Be aware that there are exactly two differences between RAM and SWAP, that matter: the access time and the price. A CUPS spooling server will run just fine, when only SWAP is available, whereas some applications may perform very poorly when their data it stored on the SWAP rather then being kept in the “real” RAM. The decision which data is kept in the RAM and which is stored on the SWAP is made by the system. As explained here Debian Forum (german) since Kernel 2.6 you can define the swapiness of your system:

root@OpenWrt:~# sysctl -w vm.swappiness=60
root@OpenWrt:~# echo 60 > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness

In contrast to other operating systems, Linux makes ample use of memory, so that your system runs smoother and more efficiently. If memory is then needed by an application, the system will unload stuff again, and make memory available. For OpenWrt, let us just say to use as much SWAP-Space as needed by your applications running. If this should not perform well, because of the poor access time, it would not help to decrease the amount of SWAP, but only to run fewer services at the same time or increase the amount of RAM with a soldering iron ;-)

OpenWrt vanilla will run just fine, with no SWAP at all. But after you installed a couple of applications, you could try to mount a SWAP-Partition and see what is does for you. Do not worry, you can not brake anything by doing that. The manual commands are swapon /dev/sdaX to mount respectivly swapoff /dev/sdaX to unmount. Type in free to see the usage of memory:

root@OpenWrt:~# free
              total         used         free       shared      buffers
  Mem:        29484        28540          944            0         1116
 Swap:       524280         2336       521944
Total:       553764        30876       522888

In this example there is 32MiB of RAM and 512MiB of SWAP. SWAP is a SWAP-formated 512MiB-Partition on a large USB-Harddisk. In this example, only 2MiB of swap are being used! And you do not see here, that actually a TMPFS-Directory is allowed to use as much as half the RAM. Use df to see that:

root@OpenWrt:~# df  
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/root                 1280      1280         0 100% /rom
tmpfs                    14744       116     14628   1% /tmp       <= //Up to 14MiB of RAM may be used here, the//
tmpfs                      512         0       512   0% /dev         //tmpfs directories grow and shrink with usage!//
/dev/mtdblock3            5440      4988       452  92% /overlay
mini_fo:/overlay          1280      1280         0 100% /
/dev/sda2              2709204     86276   2485284   3% /mnt/sda2
/dev/sda3              7224600    147320   6710196   2% /mnt/sda3

In this example, it would probably perform better, to mount the /tmp-directory on the USB-Harddisk and not use TMPFS at all, rather than using a 512MiB-Swap Partition. But you can also see, that overlay has only 8% space left to install programs on. So in this example it would be even better to use the extroot option. See extroot_configuration for that.

If you want to store large amount of data in your /tmp folder you may hit size limit of tmpfs partitions, which is by default 50 % of your RAM. Because your RAM size is limited and probably better utilized by applications, you want the files in /tmp to be moved to swap as soon as applications need more RAM for themself.

  1. We will remove the limit of 50 % of RAM. You can set size parameter to the size of your swap.
    • temporarily:
      mount -t tmpfs -o remount,rw,nosuid,nodev,noatime,size=256M tmpfs /tmp
    • permanently in /etc/config/fstab:
      config 'mount'
        option 'target' '/tmp'
        option 'device' 'tmpfs'
        option 'fstype' 'tmpfs'
        option 'options' 'remount,rw,nosuid,nodev,noatime,size=256M'
        option 'enabled_fsck' '0'
        option 'enabled' '1'
  2. And we will set /tmp files to be more likely swapped than applications in RAM.
    • temporarily:
      echo 5 > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
    • permanently:
      sysctl -w vm.swappiness=5

You can revert the changes by:

mount -t tmpfs -o remount,rw,nosuid,nodev,noatime,size=50% tmpfs /tmp
echo 60 > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
sysctl -w vm.swappiness=60

I installed the packages, enabled the fstab, and changed my fstab config file. When I restart, the drive does NOT show up. I can issue an /etc/init.d/fstab start and I get an error that it can't find a file (/tmp/fstab) but the drive mounts. I took the advice from this posting https://forum.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=27210 and put “sleep 15” in the start function of the /etc/init.d/fstab file. (I'm using a USB stick) That fixed the problem.

start() { sleep 15 config_load fstab mkdir -p /var/lock lock /var/lock/fstab.lck #echo '# WARNING: this is an auto generated file, please use uci to set defined filesystems' > /etc/fstab lock -u /var/lock/fstab.lck config_foreach do_mount mount config_foreach do_swapon swap }

https://forum.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=28311

Symptoms: You can mount your partition with mount -t ext4 /dev/sda1 /mnt -o rw,sync, but fstab won't mount it automatically on reboot. You are using Backfire or older version.

Solution: Despite you have installed block-mount try to install block-hotplug separately:

opkg update
opkg install block-hotplug

Note: This may or may not apply also to block-extroot. This problem should not occur in Attitude Adjustment.

block-mount: Scripts used to mount and check block devices (file systems and swap), as well as hotplug scripts to automount and check block devices when hotplug event (e.g. from plugging in a device) occurs. Also includes preinit scripts for mounting a block device as the root filesystem. This allows one to have the root filesystem on devices other than the built in flash device.
As of trunk r26314 block-extroot and block-hotplug have been merged with block-mount, they're still separate in Backfire.
In the OpenWrt 'Backfire' 10.03 release there is a bug. Solution is: vi /etc/init.d/fstab and put a # in front of the line:
echo '# WARNING: this is an auto generated file, please use UCI to set defined filesystems' > /etc/fstab

This creates the file /etc/fstab and thus prevents creating a symlink to /tmp/fstab. In order for UCI to work, there need to be symlink! In case the bug has already taken place, delete /etc/fstab and then type this code to busybox.

ln -s /tmp/fstab /etc/fstab

It will create a symlink to the /tmp/fstab file, fixing the bug completely.

In the OpenWrt 'Backfire' 14.07 release, the tmpfs resize option via fstab config does not work
  • remove mount, umount provided by BusyBox
rm /bin/mount
rm /bin/umount
  • install mount-utils
opkg update
opkg install mount-utils
  • find UUID or Label
blkid /dev/sda1
  • mount a disk
mount LABEL=xxx /mnt
mount UUID=xxx /mnt
This website uses cookies. By using the website, you agree with storing cookies on your computer. Also you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy. If you do not agree leave the website.More information about cookies
  • Last modified: 2018/06/05 17:51
  • by tmomas