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| docs:guide-quick-start:sshadministration [2018/12/19 12:33] – old revision restored (2018/11/03 21:28) per @tmomas' view jw0914 | docs:guide-quick-start:sshadministration [2022/08/05 18:08] – [Windows terminal emulators] added external link and cleanup palebloodsky |
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| ======SSH Access for Newcomers====== | ====== SSH access for newcomers ====== |
| A LEDE device, by default, always listens for SSH command line access on port 22. To "ssh into your router", you enter the command ''ssh root@192.168.1.1'' in a terminal emulator (for a router whose address is 192.168.1.1). | One of the methods to manage OpenWrt is using [[docs:guide-user:base-system:user.beginner.cli|command-line interface]] over [[wp>SSH_(Secure_Shell)|SSH]]. |
| | OpenWrt listens for incoming SSH connections on port ''22/tcp'' by default. |
| | To "ssh into your router", you can enter the following command in a terminal emulator using you router's LAN IP address that is typically ''192.168.1.1'': |
| | |
| | <code bash> |
| | ssh root@192.168.1.1 |
| | </code> |
| | |
| | The first time you ssh into your router, you will probably see a warning about the //RSA key fingerprint//. |
| | If you are certain this is the address of your OpenWrt device, simply type ''yes'' and press Return. |
| | Then enter the password you have given to your router, or press Return if this is the initial setup. |
| | Here is an example session: |
| |
| The first time you ssh into your router, you will probably see a warning about the //RSA key fingerprint//. If you are certain this is the address of your LEDE router, simply type ''yes'' and press Return. Then enter the password you have given to your router, or press Return if this is the initial setup. Here is an example session: | |
| <code> | <code> |
| $ ssh root@192.168.1.1 <== You type this | $ ssh root@192.168.1.1 <== You type this |
| The authenticity of host '192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1)' can't be established. | The authenticity of host '192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1)' can't be established. |
| RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:4VbDA/MOc7inPiyllF5f0r3Q6iEx89ddKdhLGBovsiY. | RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:4VbDA/MOc7inPiyllF5f0r3Q6iEx89ddKdhLGBovsiY. |
| Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes <== and this | Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes <== and this |
| Warning: Permanently added '192.168.1.1' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. | Warning: Permanently added '192.168.1.1' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. |
| root@192.168.1.1's password: <== and the password here | root@192.168.1.1's password: <== and the password here |
| |
| BusyBox v1.25.1 () built-in shell (ash) | BusyBox v1.28.4 () built-in shell (ash) |
| _________ | |
| / /\ _ ___ ___ ___ | |
| / LE / \ | | | __| \| __| | |
| / DE / \ | |__| _|| |) | _| | |
| /________/ LE \ |____|___|___/|___| lede-project.org | |
| \ \ DE / | |
| \ LE \ / ----------------------------------------------------------- | |
| \ DE \ / Reboot (17.01.2, r3435-65eec8bd5f) | |
| \________\/ ----------------------------------------------------------- | |
| |
| root@LEDE:~# <== type next command here | _______ ________ __ |
| | | |.-----.-----.-----.| | | |.----.| |_ |
| | | - || _ | -__| || | | || _|| _| |
| | |_______|| __|_____|__|__||________||__| |____| |
| | |__| W I R E L E S S F R E E D O M |
| | ----------------------------------------------------- |
| | OpenWrt 18.06.2, r7676-cddd7b4c77 |
| | ----------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| | root@OpenWrt:~# <== type next command here |
| </code> | </code> |
| |
| To end your //ssh session// to your router, type ''exit'' and press Return. | To end your //ssh session// to your router, type ''exit'' and press Return. |
| |
| The remainder of this page describes several terminal emulators that Windows, Linux, or macOS can use to access your LEDE router. | The remainder of this page describes several terminal emulators that Windows, Linux, or macOS can use to access your OpenWrt device. |
| =====Windows Terminal Emulators===== | |
| Cmder, Smartty, Putty, and WinSCP are terminal emulators that allow you to ssh into a router. | |
| |
| As of April 2018, Win10 Powershell and command prompt provide SSH access after enabling the feature. Here's a description of the process: https://www.howtogeek.com/336775/how-to-enable-and-use-windows-10s-built-in-ssh-commands/ | //Note: To add a SSH public key to your OpenWrt device, see [[:docs:guide-user:security:dropbear.public-key.auth#From the LuCI Web Interface]]// |
| | ===== Windows terminal emulators ===== |
| | [[https://github.com/microsoft/terminal|Windows Terminal]] or the legacy PowerShell, Command Prompt, ConHost, or WSL Bash choices are available. Third party programs such as [[https://www.putty.org/|PuTTY]], MinGW (installed with Git), Cmder, SmarTTY, and WinSCP are also terminal emulators that can provide SSH into an OpenWrt router. |
| |
| ====Using Cmder===== | ==== Windows 10 built-in terminals ==== |
| **Cmder for Windows** is an open-source terminal emulator that runs on Windows. It is free to use and provides an easy "command line shell" that allows you to ssh into LEDE. Its attractive fonts and color scheme are easy on the eyes. The //Full// distribution is preferred (over the //mini// distribution), since it provides a bash emulation, with a Unix-y suite of commands. | Both Windows PowerShell and Command Prompt allows using the default Windows 10 SSH client. |
| | That SSH client is an optional windows feature and has to be [[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/openssh/openssh_install_firstuse|enabled]]. |
| |
| - Download cmder from [[http://cmder.net/]] | If you have installed a WSL distribution, the SSH client is usually preinstalled in there. |
| - Unzip the //cmder.zip// file | |
| - Open the Cmder folder, and double-click the {{:media:docs:howto:cmdericon.png?16|}} Cmder icon. You'll see a Cmder window open similar to the image below. | |
| - To ssh into the LEDE router at 192.168.1.1, type ''ssh root@192.168.1.1'' then press Return | |
| {{:media:docs:howto:cmder.png?1592|}} | |
| |
| ====Using Smartty==== | If you directly launch ''cmd.exe'', ''powershell.exe'' or ''wsl.exe'' the legacy ConHost terminal will open. |
| Smartty gives you command line access to LEDE and allows you to open/edit/download/upload files in LEDE, and is overall more modern and user-friendly than Putty (another tool detailed below): | Otherwise, you can install the modern [[https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N0DX20HK701|Windows Terminal]] from the store and select any of these shells from there. |
| |
| - Download Smartty from [[http://smartty.sysprogs.com/]]: choose "download" for the installer, or "portable version" if you want it as a standalone program that works without installation. | - Open any of the above terminal emulators and write ''ssh root@192.168.1.1'' ("ssh" is the command, "root" is the OpenWrt user you are connecting to, and "192.168.1.1" is OpenWrt default IP) |
| | - there will be a message about accepting a new key from the OpenWrt device, write "yes" and press Enter key. |
| | - If for some reason you have reinstalled OpenWrt the device will have a different key and you get an error about key mismatch. The error will state what is the command line to copy-paste in your terminal to delete the old key and proceed. Do it and retry. |
| | - if you want to close the session, write "exit" |
| | |
| | The Windows 10 optional SSH feature also includes SCP client (to open/edit/download/upload files in OpenWrt via SSH). |
| | Try google for some SCP tutorials to learn how to use it. |
| | Otherwise, use [[docs:guide-quick-start:sshadministration#winscp|WinSCP]] which is way easier for SCP purposes. |
| | |
| | ==== PowerShell ==== |
| | [[https://devblogs.microsoft.com/powershell/announcing-PowerShell-7-0/|Powershell]] provides SSH access. |
| | |
| | ==== Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) ==== |
| | The Windows Subsystem for Linux is a convenient way to run a Linux environment of your choice including most,command-line tools, utilities, and applications directly on Windows. For detailed steps of how to install WSL on Windows 10, refer to Microsoft's documentation: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-win10 |
| | |
| | ==== PuTTY ==== |
| | PuTTY gives you command-line access to OpenWrt. |
| | |
| | - Download [[https://www.putty.org/|PuTTY]], get the 32bit ''putty.exe'' from the ''Alternative binary files'' section. |
| | - Start ''putty.exe'' on your Windows client -> PuTTY's login window pops up. |
| | - go to the ''Session'' category of PuTTY's login window, look for the field ''Host Name (or IP address)'' and simply enter the IP-address (e.g. **192.168.1.1**) of your OpenWrt device, keep the default provided port **22**. |
| | - Click the ''Open'' button at the Bottom to open a connection. This will pop up a shell windows, asking to ''login as''. Login as **root** with the OpenWrt password you have defined some time before. If you have not yet set a password yet on "root", you will not be asked for the password. |
| | - Done, you are logged into the OpenWrt command line. |
| | |
| | Setting up key-based authentication. |
| | |
| | - Generate a key pair using ''puttygen.exe''. Save the private key to the PC and add the public key to ''/etc/dropbear/authorized_keys'' on your OpenWrt device. |
| | - Connection -> SSH -> Auth: In the box "Authentication Parameters" under "Private key file for Authentication" state the path to your private key file for this connection (e.g. the ''openwrt.ppk'' file you created before). Best is to click "Browse..." and select the file via the file dialog. |
| | |
| | Automating connections. |
| | |
| | - Connection -> Data: In the box "Login details" enter the "Auto-login username" which is ''root''. |
| | - Load, save or delete a stored session, enter ''openwrt.lan'' in Saved Sessions and click the Save button. |
| | - To make a PuTTY shortcut with an automatic login, create one and append the saved session with an ''@'' sign, for example call PuTTY with: ''putty.exe @openwrt.lan'' |
| | |
| | ==== WinSCP ==== |
| | WinSCP allows you to browse the OpenWrt file system in Windows Exlorer like GUI-style. |
| | |
| | - Download [[https://winscp.net/eng/download.php|WinSCP]], get the non-beta ''Installation package'' or ''portable executables'' and install or unzip them on your Windows client |
| | - Start ''WinSCP.exe'' on your Windows client, WinSCP's login window will pop up |
| | - Click on ''New Site'' on the left, ensure ''File protocol'' is set to **scp** then enter your OpenWrt device IP address (192.168.1.1) on the right side into ''Host name'', keep the default port ''22''. In ''User name'' enter **root**, in ''Password'', enter your root **password** (or leave blank, if you have not set a password yet) |
| | - Click the ''Login'' at the bottom of the Window. |
| | - Done. You now have an Exlorer-like view of your OpenWrt file system. |
| | |
| | Editing OpenWrt config files with WinSCP's integrated GUI editor. |
| | |
| | - To edit an OpenWrt config file with WinSCP's GUI-based editor, just right-click the file in WinSCP and select ''Edit'' from the context menu. |
| | |
| | ==== Cmder ==== |
| | Cmder for Windows is an open-source terminal emulator that runs on Windows. |
| | It is free to use and provides an easy "command line shell" that allows you to ssh into OpenWrt. |
| | Its attractive fonts and color scheme are easy on the eyes. |
| | The //Full// distribution is preferred (over the //mini// distribution), since it provides a bash emulation, with a Unix-y suite of commands. |
| | |
| | - Download [[https://cmder.net/|Cmder]]. |
| | - Unzip the //cmder.zip// file. |
| | - Open the Cmder folder, and double-click the Cmder icon. You'll see a Cmder window open similar to the image below. |
| | - To ssh into the OpenWrt router at 192.168.1.1, type ''ssh root@192.168.1.1'' then press Return. |
| | |
| | ==== SmarTTY ==== |
| | SmarTTY gives you command line access to OpenWrt and allows you to open/edit/download/upload files in OpenWrt, and is overall more modern and user-friendly than PuTTY (another tool detailed below). |
| | |
| | - Download [[http://sysprogs.com/SmarTTY/|SmarTTY]], choose "download" for the installer, or "portable version" if you want it as a standalone program that works without installation. |
| - after installation or after unzipping the archive, doubleclick on **SmarTTY** executable file. | - after installation or after unzipping the archive, doubleclick on **SmarTTY** executable file. |
| - You will be greeted by a window with two choices, doubleclick on "setup a new SSH connection" (the other option is for serial connections, for usb-TTL dongles and somesuch you connect to the device's debug serial pins on the board, we won't use that now). | - You will be greeted by a window with two choices, doubleclick on "setup a new SSH connection" (the other option is for serial connections, for usb-TTL dongles and somesuch you connect to the device's debug serial pins on the board, we won't use that now). |
| - The window changes into the SSH setup, write the following info: | - The window changes into the SSH setup, write the following info: |
| - **Host name:** LEDE device IP address (default is **192.168.1.1** ) | - **Host name:** OpenWrt device IP address (default is **192.168.1.1** ) |
| - **User Name:** **root** (this is the "administrator" and only user in default LEDE) | - **User Name:** **root** (this is the "administrator" and only user in default OpenWrt) |
| - **Password:** leave this blank for your first connection, then write the password you set up (either in Luci GUI or after your first SSH access) | - **Password:** leave this blank for your first connection, then write the password you set up (either in Luci GUI or after your first SSH access) |
| - Click "Connect" button at the bottom, and you will now see a big terminal screen coming up | - Click "Connect" button at the bottom, and you will now see a big terminal screen coming up |
| - A default LEDE firmware lacks the server component to allow you to open/edit/view/upoad/download files in Smartty, so after you have connected to the internet write ''opkg update && opkg install openssh-sftp-server'' to install it. If the next step fails, it might be necessary to reboot the LEDE device for this new service to start up properly. | - A default OpenWrt firmware lacks the server component to allow you to open/edit/view/upoad/download files in SmarTTY, so after you have connected to the internet write ''opkg update && opkg install openssh-sftp-server'' to install it. If the next step fails, it might be necessary to reboot the OpenWrt device for this new service to start up properly. |
| - Now you can click on **File -> Open a Remote File** to open a popup that shows the filesystem of the LEDE device, and you can navigate in it and open text files for example as normal (they will open in a SmarTTY text editor window) | - Now you can click on **File -> Open a Remote File** to open a popup that shows the file system of the OpenWrt device, and you can navigate in it and open text files for example as normal (they will open in a SmarTTY text editor window) |
| - If you want to upload or download files to/from a specific folder in the device, you can click on SCP menu and choose the most appropriate action from there. | - If you want to upload or download files to/from a specific folder in the device, you can click on SCP menu and choose the most appropriate action from there. |
| |
| After the first time you connected to a device, Smartty saved a profile, so you can connect again to the same device (at that IP address with that password) by just doubleclicking its icon on the first window you see when starting Smartty. You can right-click on this profile icon to edit it again, if needed. | After the first time you connected to a device, SmarTTY saved a profile, so you can connect again to the same device (at that IP address with that password) by just doubleclicking its icon on the first window you see when starting SmarTTY. |
| | You can right-click on this profile icon to edit it again, if needed. |
| |
| ====Using putty==== | ===== Linux terminal emulators ===== |
| Putty gives you command line access to LEDE: | All Linux distributions provide a command-line ssh client as part of the default installation. |
| - Download Putty from [[http://www.putty.org]]: Simply get the 32bit ''putty.exe'' download from the ''Alternative binary files'' section. | |
| - Start ''putty.exe'' on your Windows client -> Putty's login window pops up. | |
| - go to the ''Session'' category of Putty's login window, look for the field ''Host Name (or IP address)'' and simply enter the IP-address (e.g. **192.168.1.1**) of your LEDE device, keep the default provided port **22**. | |
| - Click the ''Open'' button at the Bottom to open a connection. This will pop up a shell windows, asking to ''login as''. Login as **root** with the LEDE password you have defined some time before. If you have not yet set a password yet on "root", you will not be asked for the password. | |
| - Done, you are logged into the LEDE command line. | |
| |
| | - Open a terminal emulator and write ''ssh root@192.168.1.1'' ("ssh" is the command, "root" is the OpenWrt user you are connecting to, and "192.168.1.1" is OpenWrt default IP) |
| | - there will be a message about accepting a new key from the OpenWrt device, write "yes" and press Enter key. |
| | - If for some reason you have reinstalled OpenWrt the device will have a different key and you get an error about key mismatch. The error will state what is the command line to copy-paste in your terminal to delete the old key and proceed. |
| | - if you want to close the session, write "exit" |
| |
| ====Using WinSCP==== | Linux also usually has SCP/SFTP clients (to open/edit/download/upload files in OpenWrt), which may or may not be installed by default. |
| WinSCP allows you to browse the LEDE file system in Windows Exlorer like GUI-style: | You need to look up your distro's documentation or search with your package management interface for "scp" and "sftp" to find where it is and its current installation status. |
| - You have to install the SFTP server on the LEDE side first, as WinSCP needs that to connect successfully. On the putty command line (see previous section) execute: | Read [[man>scp|scp manual]] for the command line SCP client or google some tutorials to learn how to use it. |
| - ''opkg update'' | |
| - ''opkg install openssh-sftp-server'' | |
| - It usually is not required at this point, but for the sake of simplicity of this howto, reboot your LEDE device now, to make sure the SFTP service really starts up | |
| - Download WinSCP from [[https://winscp.net/eng/download.php]], get the non-beta ''Installation package'' or ''portable executables'' and install or unzip them on your Windows client | |
| - Start ''WinSCP.exe'' on your Windows client, WinSCP's login window will pop up | |
| - Click on ''New Site'' on the left, then enter your LEDE device IP address (192.168.1.1) on the right side into ''Host name'', keep the default port ''22''. In ''User name'' enter **root**, in ''Password'', enter your root **password** (or leave blank, if you have not set a password yet) | |
| - Click the ''Login'' at the bottom of the Window. | |
| - Done. You now have an Exlorer-like view of your LEDE filesystem. | |
| |
| **Editing LEDE config files with WINSCP's integrated GUI editor:**\\ | ==== Midnight Commander ==== |
| To edit a LEDE config file with WinSCP's GUI-based editor, just right-click the file in WinSCP and select ''Edit'' from the context menu. | [[https://midnight-commander.org/|Midnight Commander]] is Norton Commander like file manager that works on Linux and macOS. |
| | You can access remote files on OpenWrt via mc: |
| |
| =====Linux Terminal Emulators===== | - Press 'F9' |
| All Linux distributions provide a command-line ssh client as part of the default installation. | - Select 'Left' panel config |
| | - Select 'Shell link' |
| | - Input 'root@192.168.1.1/' and press OK |
| | - Now you'll see list of files and directories in root of OpenWrt |
| |
| - Open a terminal emulator and write ''ssh root@192.168.1.1'' ("ssh" is the command, "root" is the LEDE user you are connecting to, and "192.168.1.1" is LEDE default IP) | Internally it works over [[wp>Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol|scp like protocol FISH]] so it not needs for installed SFTP server. |
| - there will be a message about accepting a new key from the LEDE device, write "yes" and press Enter key. | |
| - If for some reason you have reinstalled LEDE the device will have a different key and you get an error about key mismatch. The error will state what is the command line to copy-paste in your terminal to delete the old key and proceed. | ===== macOS terminal emulators ===== |
| - if you want to close the session, write "exit" | On macOS (formerly Mac OSX) any terminal emulator will allow you to ssh. |
| |
| Linux also usually has SCP clients (to open/edit/download/upload files in LEDE), which may or may not be installed by default. You need to look up your distro's documentation or search with your package management interface for "SCP" to find where it is and its current installation status. | - Terminal - The macOS built-in terminal program, find it in /Applications/Utilities. |
| Read its integrated manual ("man scp" for example is for the command line SCP client) or google some tutorials to learn how to use it. | - [[https://iterm2.com/|iTerm2]] a much-enhanced terminal program, donation-ware - it's worth it. |
| |
| =====macOS Terminal Emulators ===== | To ssh into your OpenWrt router at 192.168.1.1, type ''ssh root@192.168.1.1'', then press Return. |
| On macOS (formerly Mac OSX) any terminal emulator will allow you to ssh. There several terminal emulators: | |
| |
| - Terminal - The macOS built-in terminal program. Find it in /Applications/Utilities | ===== Chrome OS terminal emulator ===== |
| - iTerm2 [[https://iterm2.com/]] a much-enhanced terminal program. Donation-ware - it's worth it. | On Chrome OS, [[https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/secure-shell-app/pnhechapfaindjhompbnflcldabbghjo?hl=en|Secure Shell App]] will allow you to ssh. |
| |
| To ssh into your LEDE router at 192.168.1.1, type ''ssh root@192.168.1.1'', then press Return. | |